Java Interview Questions

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Java Interview Questions

OOPS ()
- Encapsulation (Accessors and Mutators)
- Abstraction (crisply defined conceptual boundaries, relative to the perspective of the viewer — G. Booch)
- Inheritance
- Polymorphism —
Inheritance
- Overloading vs overriding
- multiple inheritance
- method hiding
- can static be inherited.
Abstraction
- Interface
  - variables in interface
  - default interface
  - 100% Abstraction
- Abstraction instantiation?
- Use Abstraction when there is some relation
- Use Interface when there is no relation +
Polymorphism
- Runtime Ploymorphism vs compile time polymorphism
- Polymorphism as a way to have multiple inheritance
Thread
- Ways to implement a Thread
- Concurrency package
- Volatile
Collections
- List
  - ArrayList
  - LinkedList *

Difference between Final, Finally, Finalize

final

constant –> modifier (can’t be changed once declared)
a method –> no over riding in child class
a class –> no extend (inheritance), no child class

finally (Associated with try catch block)

try {
  keep risky code
} catch (Exception e) {
  Exception Handling Code
} finally {
  Clean up code
}

finalize() : Method in Object Class

Always invoked by Garbage Collector just before destroying the object
to perform cleanup activities (like database connection close, socket close)

finally cleanup activities for try catch finalize() cleanup activities related to objects.

String, StringBuffer and StringBuilder

String objects are immutable (every equality with string object creates a new object)

String a = new String("Nitin");//Immutable Object
String b = "Nitin";// When we use double quotes to create a string, it first looks for the string with the same value in the String Pool. If found it just returns the reference.
//  It does so for conserving memory FLYWAY DESIGN PATTERN.

String s4 = new String("nitin");
String s5 = new String("nitin");
/* String s4 and s5 are two different String objecs lying in the "Heap" */

a.concate(Chaurasia);//Eligible for GC as not referenced
sop(a);// Nitin
//2 strings are created (Nitin and Nitin Chaurasia). NC not reference

StringBuffer objects are mutable

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Nitin");
sb.append("Chaurasia");
sop(sb);//nitin chaurasia

StringBuffer (since java 1.0) is Synchronized, thus thread safe, thus low performance (only one thread operates on the object at a time, others has to wait)

StringBuilder (from 1.5)

same as StringBuffer (constructors and methods) except…
non-synchronized, thus no thread safety, thus Relatively high performance.

Conclusion :

String : fixed content (wont change frequently)
StringBuffer : content not fixed and thread safety is required.
StringBuilder : content not fixed and thread safety is NOT required.

Difference Between == and .equals

== reference comparison (address comparison)
.equals() is used for content comparison (in general). Can be overridden to comp. ref. if needed

For all Wrapper Classes, String Classes and Collection Classes, .equals() is overridden for content comparison

Modifiers in java

They can be broken into two groups:

Access control modifiers ( public, private, protected, default)
Non-access modifiers (final, abstract, static, synchronized, strictfp, transient, native, volatile)

Modifier	Class	Package	Subclass	World
public	Y	Y	Y	Y
protected	Y	Y	Y	N
no modifier	Y	Y	N	N
private	Y	N	N	N

MODIFIER	DESCRIPTION
public	Visible to the world
private	Visible to the class
protected	Visible to the package and all subclasses
static	Used for creating class methods and variables
final	Used for finalizing implementations of classes, variables, and methods
abstract	Used for creating abstract methods and classes
synchronized	Used in threads and locks the method or variable so it can only be used by one thread at a time
volatile	Used in threads and keeps the variable in main memory rather than caching it locally in each thread static

Anything can be declared inside anything!!

Access Specifiers (public, private, protected and ) vs Access Modifiers
Old language constructs… In java there is no terminology. All (12) are considered and modifiers

Interface vs Abstract vs Concrete class

Interface (100% abstraction): No idea of implementation until java 7, just requirement specification, eg. Servlet

All methods must be public abstract (until Java 7)
Java 8 introduced default and static methods to add functionality eg. stream() functionality in Collections which is a default method in Collection Interface
In Java 9, private methods are introdced for code reusability.

Abstract Classes has partial implementation, concrete methods can be written
Concrete Class : Ready to use service

System.out.println()

Class MySystem{
static string out = "nitin";
}
MySystem.out.length(); //Compare it to
System.out.println("nitin");

System is a Class
out is a static variable of type PrintStream in System class
println() is a method present in PrintStream.

PSVM

Main method name can be set to a desired name by configuring JVM [JVM Customization]

JVM {
public static void nitin(String[] a)
}

public : to be called by JVM from anywhere
static : even without existing Object, JVM can call the main method. Also main method is not related to any object.
void : no return to JVM.
main : configured JVM
String[] args : command line argument.
overloading is possible (PSVM (int b)), but JVM will only call string args method (method hiding)

Inheritance is also applicable. the JVM first search main in child class or else it will execute the main method from the parent class.

If both Parent and child methods are same and “static”, this is method hiding… not overriding (only child class method is executed).

Appears that overriding is applicable, but because of the static nature, its method hiding.

Inheritance and overloading is applicable
overriding is not, instead method hiding.
Java 1.7 enhancements - earlier “NoSuchMethodError : main”, now a more meaningful error
main method is mendatory, even though class has static block. Before, static block will be executed (and if System.exit(0), the program will terminate as well), and then NoSuchMethodError will be flashed.
if both static block followed by main method is present, then everything works as normal in both cases
Thus without even writing main, until Java 1.6, something can be printed on the console. from 1.7 onwards, main in compulsory.

Overloading VS Overriding

**Overloading (Compile time polymorphism, static polymorphism, early binding.) **

methods same name but different argument.
Method resolution is done by compiler based on reference type

In overloading check only method name (same) and argument type (different, at least order). Return types, access modifiers are not required

Overriding (Runtime polymorphism, dynamic polymorphism, late binding)

When child class definition is different than parent class (eg: marriage() method in child vs parent)
Method resolution is done by JVM based on runtime object
co-varient return types are allowed (return can be same as Parent’s method, after Java 1.5)

In overriding: EVERYTHING should be same.

Polymorphism call

Parent p = new Child();
// p can invoke only parents methods
// polymorphism call - use parent reference to hold any child class object

Non polymorphic call

Child c = new Child();
// c can invoke both parent and child methods
// can hold only child type of object

ADD IMAGE

Control Flow in try-catch-finally block

(after jumping from try in between multiple statements, rest of statements of try wont be executed. Thus keep the length of try block as small as possible)
there are chances of exception in catch or finally block as well, and it will then be an abnormal termination.
if no exception, try and finally will execute
if abnormal termination due to exception in try or catch block, then also finally will execute.

Finally will always execute

Checked vs Unchecked Exception

Throwable(Class)
|
|---Exception
|      |
|      |----Runtime Exception
|      |		|
|	   |		|----Arithmatic Exception
|	   |		|----NullPointer Exception
|	   |		|----ClassCast Exception
|	   |		|----ArrayIndexOutOfBounds Exception
|	   |		|----.... etc.				
|	   |
|      |----IOException
|      |		|
|	   |		|----FileNotFound Exception
|	   |		|----EOF Exception
|	   |
|      |----Interrupted Exception
|      
|      
|----Error
|      |
|      |----VMError
|      |		|
|	   |		|----StackOverFlow Error
|	   |		|----OutOfMemory Error
|	   |		|----ClassCast Exception
|      |
|      |----Linkage Error
|      |		|
|	   |		|----Verify Error

Checked Exception : (Checked by Complier)

Checked by compiler for smooth execution of the program at runtime (Menmonics : HallTicketMissingException, PenNotWorkingException, FileNotFoundException)
if programmer doesn’t handle checked exceptions, compile time error. in other words, programmer has to handle the exception.
Must be caught (try catch) or thrown (throws clause in the method definition)
Throwable -> Exception ->)Runtime exception and its child classes, ( Throwable->)Error and its child classes are unchecked exceptions. Rest all are checked.
Further classified as fully checked or partially checked

Unchecked Exception

not checked by Compiler (arithmatic, nullpointer)
Compiler won’t check if the programmer handled the exception.
(Runtime Exception class is unckecked, rest all checked like IOException in Exception class)

Both occur at runtime.

Runtime Exception and its child classes, Error and its child classes are unchecked. Except this, all are checked exceptions.

Partially Checked vs Fully Checked Exception

FullyChecked exception

iff all the child classes are checked

PrtiallyChecked exception

if some of child classes are Unchecked while some are checked. Thus Exception Class is partially checked as Runtime Exception class is Unchecked and IOException class is cheked

The only partially checked exception in Java are

Exception
Throwable

Error vs Exception

Throwable (Class) has two child classes
- Exception
  - Recoverable (file not found, catch {use local file and continue..})
  - Programming faults
- Error (Unchecked)
  - Non recoverable
  - lack of system resources (out of memory etc)

Var-Arg Methods

Declare a method with variable number of Arguments

Since V1.5
method (int… x) & method(int x…) - ONLY TWO WAYS OF DECLARATION
Only one Var-Arg parameter is allowed, also it should be last - m(String s, int… x)
internally its implemented by 1D Array
var-arg will get least priority. similar to default in Switch
USE : instead of writing multiple similar methods od same type, var args can be used. eg : List.of() has 10 methods and a var args to accomodate all choices. var-arg is an expensive operation internally

Generics (J 1.5 onwards)

Main Purpose of Generics is to

Provide Type-Safety
and Resolve Type Casting Problems

Type Safety :

Arrays are type safe by default, eg. we cannot insert non String objects in a String array. While in ArrayList, without generics, we can insert an int as well as string, as any object can be inserted. Thus collections are not type safe by default.

Type Casting :

While retreiving the data from an Arraylist, if nor generic, type casting is necessasary as it returns an object

Shortcut to place jar file in classpath

Put the jar file in ext folder

jdk -> jre -> lib ->ext -> *.jar

to create a jar file

 jar -cvf myJar.jar Test.class Test2.class
 jar -cvf myJar.jar *.*

to unzip jar

jar -xvf myJar.jar

to display contents

jar -tvf myJar.jar

OOPS Concept

Security Related

Data Hiding
Abstraction
Encapsulation
Tightly Encapsulated Class Code Reusability
IS-A Relationship (Inheritance)
HAS-A Relationship sdsd
Method Signature
Overloading
Overriding
Static Control Flow
Instance Control Flow
Constructors Advanced OOP Features
Coupling
Cohesion
Type Casting

4 OOPS principal in Java

Encapsulation - encapsulation means data hiding. (By using private keyword)
Abstraction - Abstraction means hiding the implementation (Using Interface)
Inheritance - Inheritance is a process where child class acquires the properties of super class, and
Polymorphism - Property of an object to take on different forms
- Compile time polymorphism - using ~~Method overloading~~ by implements
- Runtime polymorphism - Method overriding - by extends.

Data Hiding : By declaring data member or variable private,
- internal data cannot be accessed by outside. By declaring data member or variable private, we achieve Data hiding.
Abstraction : By using Interfaces and Abstract class
- Hiding internal implementation, eg ATM GUI Screen
- Advantage :
  - Security as internal implementation is not exposed
  - without affecting outside, internal implementation can be changed/optimized. Thus enhancement becomes easy
  - Improved maintainability
  - Provides easy to use the system
- Partial Abstraction : Abstract Class
- Full Abstraction : Interface
Encapsulation : Process of Binding data members and their corrosponding behaviour such that
- the methods operate on the data as opposed to the users of the class accessing the fields
- Getters and Setters (Accessors and Modifiers)
- Implemented with private instance fields which has public methods to access the fields directly
- Encapsulation = Data Hiding + Abstraction
- Adv : security
- Disadv : increases code length and slows down execution

Tightly encapsulated class : iff all variabe are private Complete Encapsulation : By declaring all members private

Partial Encapsulation : By declaring public or protected

If a parent class is not tightly encapsulated then no chil class is tightly encapsulated

IS-A Relationship (Inheritance)

implemented my “extends” keyword.
Adv : Code reusability
Entire java API is implemented based on inheritance.
Every java class extends from Object class which has most common and basic methods required for all java classes. Hence we can say “Object ” class is root class of all java methods.
Dynamic polymorphism in Java is achieved by method overriding
As the method to call is determined at runtime, this is called dynamic binding or late binding.

/* Parent has m1(), Child extends Parent and has m2()*/
Parent p = new Parent();
p.m1();// Valid
p.m2();// Complie time error: Cannot find symbol

Child c = new Child();
c.m1();//valid, as child inherits from parent
c.m2();// valid as child provides implementation m2

Parent pc = new Child();//Polymorphic Call
pc.m1();// valid as pc is of type Parent
pc.m1();// invalid, CE : Cannot find symbol

Parent class reference can hold child class object, BUT only parent class specific methods are available, Child class methods are not available.

No Multiple Inheritance

A Java class cannot extend more than one class at a time. Thus Java doesnot support multiple inheritance. Only multilevel inheritance (Object -> Throwable -> RunTimeException) is allowed. Multiple Interfaces can be implemeted as the implemetation is explicitly provided by the implementing class

Multiple inheritance and The Diamond Problem

The diamond problem is an ambiguity that arises when two classes B and C inherit from A, and class D inherits from both B and C. If a method in D calls a method defined in A (and does not override the method), and B and C have overridden that method differently, then from which class does it inherit: B, or C?

Cyclic Inheritance is not allowed A extends B and B extends A not allowed

HAS-A Relationship (more commonly used than IS-A)

aka Composition or Aggregation
No specific keyword, but mostly “new” is used (for instance method)
Advantage : Code reuability
Disadvantage : code dependency

Class Engine{
	// Engine related functionality
}

Class Car{
	Engine e = new Engine();
	.....
	....
}

The Car HAS-A engine reference

Composition - Strong Association

Without existence of container object, if there is no existence of contained objects then container and contained objects are said to be strongly associated and this strong association is known as composition.

University is Container Object Department : Contained Object Without University, no department exist

Aggregation - Weak Association

Without existence of container object, if there is a chance of existence of contained objects then container and contained objects are said to be * *loosely/weakly associated** and this loose association is known as aggregation.

A “department” has several “professors”. Without existence of “departments” there is good chance for the “professors” to exist. Hence “professors” and “department” are loosely associated and this loose association is known as Aggregation.

IS-A vs HAS-A

For total functionality of a class, IS-A Relationship (Person Class functionality id required in total to the Student Class)

For Part of the functionality of a class is expected, use HAS-A relationship. If Test class has 100 methods and only few are needed in Demo class, create an object of test and use t.m1(), t.m2() etc.

Method signature in Java Method signature = Name + Argument (type and order)

Return type is not part of method signature in java

Overloading (Same method name, different Argument)

method resolution takes care by compiler based of reference type (of the argument)
Thus method overloading is also know as
- Compile time Polymorphism
- Static Binding
- Early Binding
Reference type plays very important role during complie time

// Monkey Extends Animal
Animal a = new Monkey();
test.m1(a)
// overloaded method with argument type Animal is called as during complie time Reference type is available, not run time object

Automatic Promotion in overloading - if argument reference type is not matched, compiler automatically promotes the type before throwing error. byte->short->int->float->double
uses type information (class in Java) for binding, binding -> relating methods to methods calls
private, static, final, static variables } methods, not participation in polymorphism

Binding : Relating a method call to a method

Overriding

Same signature, child and parent but different implementation
Method resolution takes care by JVM based on runtime Object and hence it is also called Runtime Polymorphism, Dynamic Binding or Late Binding.
Dynamic Binding : all instance methods, Virtual methods are bounded during runtime object
No concept of compile time polymorphism.
Dynamic binding makes polymorphism possible. Compiler is not able to resolve the call. JVM binds based on runtime Object

//Child extends from Parent and overrides method m1()

Parent pc = new Child();
pc.m1();
// the compiler happily complies as m1 is present is Parent. During run time, since m1() of child is overridden, the m1() of child class is invoked.

Rules for Overriding

In override, return type must be same until 1.4. From v1.5, we can return “ Covariant Return types”
Java allow overriding by changing the return type, but only Covariant return type are allowed.
private and final cannot be overridden
static methods cannot be overridden BUT no contribution in Polymorphism (no dynamic binding).
static methods are class methods access to them is always resolved during compile time only using the compile time type information.
Accessing static method using object references is a bad practice (we must access static variable using Class Name) and just an extra liberty given by the java designers
Also static method in subclass is hidden (if extended) by static method of parent class
Cannot reduce visibility

Example - return type of SuperClass’s myMethod is SuperClass but SubClass’s myMethod returns SubClass.

Coupling

The degree of dependency between the components is called Coupling. If dependency is more then it is called Tightly Coupled and if dependency is less, loosely coupled

Java Interview Questions

Java Interview Questions

String, StringBuffer and StringBuilder

Difference Between == and .equals

Modifiers in java

Interface vs Abstract vs Concrete class

System.out.println()

PSVM

Overloading VS Overriding

Control Flow in try-catch-finally block

Checked vs Unchecked Exception

Partially Checked vs Fully Checked Exception

Error vs Exception

Var-Arg Methods

Generics (J 1.5 onwards)

OOPS Concept

4 OOPS principal in Java

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