IP Addressing

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1. Introduction to IP Addressing

  • IP Address: A unique identifier assigned to each device connected to a network.
  • Types of IP Addresses:
    • IPv4: 32-bit address, e.g., 192.168.1.1
    • IPv6: 128-bit address, e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

2. IPv4 Addressing

  • Structure: Consists of four octets (8 bits each), separated by dots.
  • Classes:
    • Class A: 1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255 (Large networks)
    • Class B: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 (Medium-sized networks)
    • Class C: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 (Small networks)
    • Class D: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 (Multicast)
    • Class E: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 (Experimental)

3. Subnetting

  • Purpose: Divides a larger network into smaller sub-networks.
  • Subnet Mask: Determines the network and host portions of an IP address.
    • Example: 255.255.255.0 (/24)
  • CIDR Notation: Represents the subnet mask using a slash and the number of network bits.
    • Example: /24

4. Common Subnet Masks

  • /8: 255.0.0.0 (Class A)
  • /16: 255.255.0.0 (Class B)
  • /24: 255.255.255.0 (Class C)
  • /29: 255.255.255.248 (Small subnets)

5. Calculating Subnets

  • Network Address: The first address in the subnet.
  • Broadcast Address: The last address in the subnet.
  • Usable IP Addresses: Total IP addresses minus network and broadcast addresses.

6. Example of /29 Subnet

  • Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.248
  • Total IP Addresses: 8
  • Usable IP Addresses: 6
  • Network Address: 192.168.1.0
  • Usable IP Range: 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.6
  • Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.7

7. IPv6 Addressing

  • Structure: 128-bit address, represented in hexadecimal.
  • Example: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
  • Advantages: Larger address space, improved routing, and security features.

8. Special IP Addresses

  • Loopback Address: 127.0.0.1 (IPv4) or ::1 (IPv6)
  • Private IP Addresses:
    • IPv4:
      • Class A: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
      • Class B: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
      • Class C: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
    • IPv6: fc00::/7

9. NAT (Network Address Translation)

  • Purpose: Allows multiple devices on a local network to share a single public IP address.
  • Types:
    • Static NAT: One-to-one mapping between local and global addresses.
    • Dynamic NAT: Maps local addresses to a pool of global addresses.
    • PAT (Port Address Translation): Maps multiple local addresses to a single global address using different ports.

10. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

  • Purpose: Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices on a network.
  • Components:
    • DHCP Server: Assigns IP addresses.
    • DHCP Client: Receives IP addresses.
    • DHCP Lease: The duration an IP address is assigned to a device.

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